Project Management and Ethical Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Project Management and Ethical Decision Making. Answer: Introduction All the three examples on management research such as Understanding and supporting the career implications of international assignments, Cross-cultural training and expatriate adjustment: A study of western expatriates in Nigeria and The effect of ethnic diversity on expatriate managers in their host country provide different insights in the aspect of management decision making. However, all the three examples on management research have few similarities in terms of their approaches towards the problem. On the other hand, it is also a fact that the managers can utilize the conclusions as well as the findings portrayed in each example through a specific way. Apart from that, the managers can also find the studies of equal value or would also be able to differentiate in the research approach lead to the distinctions in the value of the studies made in the example to inform the management decision making (Collings et al. 2011). Therefore, this section aims to highlight all these aspects mentioned above by conducting a comparative study among the three examples based on management research. Similarities or Differences in the Three Research Approaches In spite of the differences in the insights presented in the three examples, there are few similarities among the studies. Collings et al. (2011) have portrayed a study on understanding as well as supporting the implications of the international assignments on career. This study has drawn the insights from the empirical research as well as the unpublished instances from the practice for exploring how the global assignees can be supported during, after and before the accomplishment of the global assignment. On the other hand, Okpara and Kabongo (2011) have illustrated an in-depth insight on the cross-cultural expatriate and training adjustment based on the study of Nigerian expatriates. According to Okpara and Kabongo (2011), the globalization enhancement has resulted in more employees being sent on the foreign assignments than ever before with each indication that the utilization of expatriates would continue for expanding in the future. Besides that, Freeman and Lindsay (2012) have provided a deepened insight on the effect of ethnic diversity on the expatriate managers in their country. Therefore, the methods or approaches utilized in all the three examples are different. Collings et al. (2011) have selected the primary data collection method in order to portray their findings in regards to the subject of that example. On the other hand, Okpara and Kabongo (2011) and Freeman and Lindsay (2012) have utilized secondary data collection techniques in order to interpret their findings aligned with the analysis they have aimed to demonstrate in the rest of the two examples. With the help of the primary data collection method, Collings et al. (2011) have tried to convey their analysis through proper, valid and live evidences. Moreover, Okpara and Kabongo (2011) and Freeman and Lindsay (2012) have utilized the secondary data sources in order to establish more relevance in their management research studies. Utilization of Findings and Conclusions Presented in Eeach Example by a Manager The findings as well as the conclusions portrayed in all the three examples on management research can effectively help a manager in order to take appropriate decisions in all the three management research aspects conveyed in the studies. With the help of the conclusion and findings interpreted in the first examples, a manager can easily understand the fact that the international assignees represent an essential cohort of international migrants (Mitchelmore and Rowley 2013). Moreover they prefer comparatively advantaged position within the labor market in comparison towards another of migrants formation that is considered in this specific symposium. On the other hand, from the findings portrayed in the second example, a manager can easily understand the investigated effect of the prior international experience of the expatriate on the facets of the adjustment of expatriates (Asif et al. 2013). Therefore, a manager can also understand the fact that the pre-move cultural training has a positive influence on the international assignment adaptation. Moreover, through the findings implicated in the third examples, a manager can understand the fact that the cultural training and foreign should be the major aspect of expatriate training for facilitating more efficient socialization and communication in the foreign subsidiaries. Value of the Studies for Informing Management Decision-making After studying completely all the three examples, it can be clearly understood that a manager can find these studies of equal value in the research approaches result in the value of a study in order to inform the management decision making (Schmoll et al. 2012). This is simply because of the fact that the findings and conclusions portrayed in all the three examples can effectively help a particular manager in order to make proper decisions. It could easily be done by understanding the essence of the cross-cultural training for the expatriate employees and the effect of ethnic diversity on expatriate managers in the host nation. Two articles Entrepreneurial competencies of women entrepreneurs pursuing business growth and An integrated management systems approach to corporate social responsibility can be selected as the two another examples of management research. These two articles have been selected in order to discuss the possible reasons behind the differences and similarities in these examples with the three examples discussed above (Roehrich, Grosvold and Hoejmose 2014). First of all, in case of the similarities between these two articles with the above mentioned articles, it can easily be stated that all the studies can help a manager in taking effective decisions in order to manage the work culture, business operations as well as the employee engagement within the business activities. In todays business world, women empowerment has become one of the most crucial concerns. Moreover, women entrepreneurs are becoming the pivotal part of the global business (Ford and Richardson 2013). Moreover, in order t o maintain corporate social responsibility, organizations are more focusing on implementing the integrated management system approach. Therefore, managers should take proper decisions in regards to these aspects of women empowerment and accomplishing corporate social responsibility. As per the differences in these two articles with the previously discussed articles, it can be seen that the areas of decision making for the managers are different. Both the two articles are based on the women entrepreneurship and corporate social responsibility maintenance whereas the articles discussed previously portrayed the views regarding the cross cultural training aspects for the organizational people (Mitchelmore and Rowley 2013). Moreover, the three examples also provided a deepened insight regarding the expatriate adjustment regarding which managers should be capable of taking appropriate decisions. In order to be efficient in taking decisions in the management grounds, managers should go through specific researches for gaining knowledge regarding the management practices. Leaders as well as managers should have enough knowledge about the ways through which they can effectively handle all the situations inside the work culture (Asif et al. 2013). Therefore, all the five examples mentioned and analyzed in this study can help properly the managers to understand the authentic with the help of which they can take appropriate in order to improve the business operations. On the other hand, it must be stated that all these decisions should be concerned about the employee benefit. Managers can be capable of learning the most significant techniques from analyzing these specific management research studies (Ford and Richardson 2013). With the help of this research studies, they can be capable of maintaining all their responsibilities such as staffing, communicating effectively with all th eir subordinates, training their employees, maintaining diversity within the workplace, and especially managing the rise in business growth. References Asif, M., Searcy, C., Zutshi, A. and Fisscher, O.A., 2013. An integrated management systems approach to corporate social responsibility.Journal of cleaner production,56, pp.7-17. Collings, D.G., Doherty, N., Luethy, M. and Osborn, D., 2011. Understanding and supporting the career implications of international assignments.Journal of Vocational Behavior,78(3), pp.361-371. Ford, R.C. and Richardson, W.D., 2013. Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Freeman, S. and Lindsay, S., 2012. The effect of ethnic diversity on expatriate managers in their host country.International Business Review,21(2), pp.253-268. Roehrich, J., Grosvold, J. and U. Hoejmose, S., 2014. Reputational risks and sustainable supply chain management: Decision making under bounded rationality.International Journal of Operations Production Management,34(5), pp.695-719. Mitchelmore, S. and Rowley, J., 2013. Entrepreneurial competencies of women entrepreneurs pursuing business growth.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,20(1), pp.125-142. Okpara, J.O. and Kabongo, J.D., 2011. Cross-cultural training and expatriate adjustment: A study of western expatriates in Nigeria.Journal of world business,46(1), pp.22-30. Schmoll, H.J., Van Cutsem, E., Stein, A., Valentini, V., Glimelius, B., Haustermans, K., Nordlinger, B., Van de Velde, C.J., Balmana, J., Regula, J. and Nagtegaal, I.D., 2012. ESMO Consensus Guidelines for management of patients with colon and rectal cancer. a personalized approach to clinical decision making.Annals of Oncology,23(10), pp.2479-2516.